Consumer's Shopping Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Purchaser's Shopping Experience - Essay Example In this way from the conversation we can show up at the meanings of the three kinds of buys. The low contribution buy infers the purchasing procedure where the buyers don't see the item to be sufficiently significant and don't relate with it unequivocally (staff.uny.ac., n.d.). In this sort of procurement choice the client invests minimal energy in perusing, looking at and choosing exercises. Case of low contribution buy could be buying easygoing day by day wear shirts. The medium contribution buy suggests the acquisition of items like the basic food item things like toothpaste and paper and so forth that requires medium degree of data gathering attempt and the purchaser appends themselves with the item to a medium level. For a medium level item the purchaser invests a moderate degree of energy towards the perusing, contrasting and choosing methodology. The high inclusion buy manages elevated level of contribution of the client with the item or administration they are intending to bu y. These sorts of items or administrations are much more costly than the medium and low association items. The time spent on the dynamic procedure is the longest for the high inclusion items. ... Among these classes chocolates, dairy items and desserts will be sorted as the high-contribution items, while the Purina pet consideration will be considered as the medium association buy and the filtered water will be the low inclusion buy. Advertising methodologies embraced by the creators of Nestle would urge the shopper to scan for all the data with respect to low association buys, medium contribution buys and high inclusion buys since the tasks and exercises of Nestle are very straightforward and all the data are accessible on the web. The buyers have the alternative to make the buy online through the Nestle sustenance store. For a high inclusion buy the advertiser must present some data in regards to the item or administration which the assistance the formation of an empowering demeanor for the brand that will thusly bring about a buy. The commercials for this situation ought to be centered around the authentic noteworthiness. The difficult acknowledgment state for this situati on mirrors the uncertainty in the psyche of the shopper with respect to the buy choice which must be replied by the accessibility of point by point data identified with value, quality and material of the item. The issue on account of medium inclusion buy requires a satisfactory measure of data and a decent measure of time for looking at the comparative items. For this situation the advertiser must think of powerful special battles to impact the choice of the buyers. The low contribution buy choice offers ascend to the issue of absence of dependability. For this situation the advertiser requires making and keeping up brand dependability among

African American Essay Example for Free

African American Essay Compose a 750-to 1,400-word paper in which you consider the accompanying with respect to the strict gathering and racial/ethnic gathering you chose: Strict group: How does your chose strict gathering contrast from different strict gatherings, (for example, in their convictions, adore practices, or qualities)? What has been the experience of your chosen strict gathering with others that don't share its convictions or practices? In what ways has the strict gathering you chosen added to American culture? Give explicit instances of preference or segregation your chose strict gathering has encountered. What were the wellsprings of this bias or segregation? Does what you’ve found out about this strict gathering assist you with getting it? In what ways? Racial/ethnic gathering: How does your chose racial/ethnic gathering contrast from other racial/ethnic gatherings, (for example, contrasts in heritage, language, or culture)? What has been your chosen group’s involvement in different gatherings? In what ways has the racial/ethnic gathering you chosen added to American culture? Recognize some particular instances of preference or separation that your chosen bunch has encountered generally. What were the wellsprings of this partiality or separation? Does what you’ve found out about this racial/ethnic gathering assist you with getting it? How? Incorporate the accompanying as a major aspect of your decision: How are the bias and segregation experienced by your chosen strict gathering and racial/ethnic gathering comparable? How are they unique? Would you be able to make any inferences about segregation from this correlation? Give references to all the sources you use.

Overview of Qualitative And Quantitative Data Collection Methods

Overview of Qualitative And Quantitative Data Collection Methods Much of the workings of the world today are controlled and powered by information, giving credence to that famous quote, “information is power”. Professionals, researchers, organizations, businesses, industries and even governments cannot function without information serving as “fuel” for decision-making, strategizing, gaining and storing knowledge.But information is not something that is handed to anyone on a silver platter. It starts with a small raw fact or figure â€" or a set of raw facts and figures â€" that are not organized and, all too often, without meaning or context. These are called “data”. By itself, and in its raw form, data may seem useless.Data will cease to be useless once it undergoes processing, where it will be organized, structured and given context through interpretation and analysis. Processing gives it meaning, effectively turning it into information that will eventually be of great use to those who need it. Collectively, all information will make up bodies of knowledge that will, in turn, benefit various users of this knowledge.Without data, there won’t be any information. Therefore, no matter how data may seem random and useless, it is actually considered to be the most important and basic unit of any information structure or body of knowledge. © Shutterstock.com | SentavioTo that end, various approaches, tools and methodologies aimed at gathering or collecting data have been formulated.THE MEANING OF DATA COLLECTIONWhether it is business, marketing, humanities, physical sciences, social sciences, or other fields of study or discipline, data plays a very important role, serving as their respective starting points. That is why, in all of these processes that involve the usage of information and knowledge, one of the very first steps is data collection.Data collection is described as the “process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer queries, stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.”Depending on the discipline or field, the nature of the information being sought, and the objective or goal of users, the methods of data collection will vary. The approach to applying the methods may also vary, customized to s uit the purpose and prevailing circumstances, without compromising the integrity, accuracy and reliability of the data.There are two main types of data that users find themselves working with â€" and having to collect.Quantitative Data. These are data that deal with quantities, values or numbers, making them measurable. Thus, they are usually expressed in numerical form, such as length, size, amount, price, and even duration. The use of statistics to generate and subsequently analyze this type of data add credence or credibility to it, so that quantitative data is overall seen as more reliable and objective.Qualitative Data. These data, on the other hand, deals with quality, so that they are descriptive rather than numerical in nature. Unlike quantitative data, they are generally not measurable, and are only gained mostly through observation. Narratives often make use of adjectives and other descriptive words to refer to data on appearance, color, texture, and other qualities.In mos t cases, these two data types are used as preferences in choosing the method or tool to be used in data collection. As a matter of fact, data collection methods are classified into two, and they are based on these types of data. Thus, we can safely say that there are two major classifications or categories of data collection methods: the quantitative data collection methods and the qualitative data collection methods.IMPORTANCE OF DATA COLLECTIONFrom the definition of “data collection” alone, it is already apparent why gathering data is important: to come up with answers, which come in the form of useful information, converted from data.But for many, that still does not mean much.Depending on the perspective of the user and the purpose of the information, there are many concrete benefits that can be gained from data gathering. In general terms, here are some of the reasons why data collection is very important. The first question that we will address is: “why should you collec t data?”Data collection aids in the search for answers and resolutions.Learning and building knowledge is a natural inclination for human beings. Even at a very young age, we are in search for answers to a lot of things. Take a look at toddlers and small children, and they are the ones with so many questions, their curious spirit driving them to repeatedly ask whatever piques their interest.A toddler curious about a white flower in the backyard will start collecting data. He will approach the flower in question and look at it closely, taking in the color, the soft feel of the petals against his skin, and even the mild scent that emanates from it. He will then run to his mother and pull her along until they got to where the flower is. In baby speak, he will ask what the flower’s name is, and the mother will reply, “It’s a flower, and it is called rose.”It’s white. It’s soft. It smells good. And now the little boy even has a name for it. It’s called a rose. When his mo ther wasn’t looking, he reached for the rose by its stem and tried to pluck it. Suddenly, he felt a prickle in his fingers, followed by a sharp pain that made him yelp. When he looked down at his palm, he saw two puncture marks, and they are bleeding.The little boy starts to cry, thinking how roses, no matter how pretty and good-smelling, are dangerous and can hurt you. This information will now be embedded in his mind, sure to become one of the most enduring pieces of information or tidbit of knowledge that he will know about the flower called “rose”.The same goes in case of a marketing research, for example. A company wants to learn a few things about the market in order to come up with a marketing plan, or tweak an already existing marketing program. There’s no way that they will be able to do these things without collecting the relevant data. Data collection facilitates and improves decision-making processes, and the quality of the decisions made.Leaders cannot make deci sive strategies without facts to support them. Planners cannot draw up plans and designs without a basis. Entrepreneurs could not possibly come up with a business idea â€" much less a viable business plan â€" out of nothing at all. Similarly, businesses won’t be able to formulate marketing plans, and implement strategies to increase profitability and growth, if they have no data to start from.Without data, there won’t be anything to convert into useful information that will provide the basis for decisions. All that decision-makers are left with is their intuition and gut feeling, but even gut feeling and instinct have some basis on facts.Decision-making processes become smoother, and decisions are definitely better, if there is data driving them. According to a survey by Helical IT, the success rate of decisions based on data gathered is higher by 79% than those made using pure intuition alone.In business, one of the most important decisions that must be made is on resource allo cation and usage. If they collect the relevant data, they will be able to make informed decisions on how to use business resources efficiently.Data collection improves quality of expected results or output.Just as having data will improve decision-making and the quality of the decisions, it will also improve the quality of the results or output expected from any endeavor or activity. For example, a manufacturer will be able to produce high quality products after designing them using reliable data gathered. Consumers will also find the claims of the company about the product to be more reliable because they know it has been developed after conducting significant amount of research.Through collecting data, monitoring and tracking progress will also be facilitated. This gives a lot of room for flexibility, so response can be made accordingly and promptly. Adjustments can be made and improvements effected.Now we move to the next question, and that is on the manner of collecting data. Wh y is there a need to be particular about how data is collected? Why does it have to be systematic, and not just done on the fly, using whatever makes the data gatherer comfortable? Why do you have to pick certain methodologies of data collection when you can simply be random with it?Collecting data is expensive and resource-intensive. It will cost you money, time, and other resources. Thus, you have to make sure you make the most of it. You cannot afford to be random and haphazard about how you gather data when there are large amounts of investment at stake.Data collection methods will help ensure the accuracy and integrity of data collected. It’s common sense, really. Using the right data collection method â€" and using it properly â€" will allow only high quality data to be gathered. In this context, high quality data refers to data that is free from errors and bias arising from subjectivity, thereby increasing their reliability. High quality and reliable data will then be proce ssed, resulting to high quality information.METHODS OF DATA COLLECTIONWe’ll now take a look at the different methods or tools used to collect data, and some of their pros (+) and cons (-). You may notice some methods falling under both categories, which means that they can be used in gathering both types of data.I. Qualitative Data Collection MethodsExploratory in nature, these methods are mainly concerned at gaining insights and understanding on underlying reasons and motivations, so they tend to dig deeper. Since they cannot be quantified, measurability becomes an issue. This lack of measurability leads to the preference for methods or tools that are largely unstructured or, in some cases, maybe structured but only to a very small, limited extent.Generally, qualitative methods are time-consuming and expensive to conduct, and so researchers try to lower the costs incurred by decreasing the sample size or number of respondents.Face-to-Face Personal InterviewsThis is considered to be the most common data collection instrument for qualitative research, primarily because of its personal approach. The interviewer will collect data directly from the subject (the interviewee), on a one-on-one and face-to-face interaction. This is ideal for when data to be obtained must be highly personalized.The interview may be informal and unstructured â€" conversational, even â€" as if taking place between two casual to close friends. The questions asked are mostly unplanned and spontaneous, with the interviewer letting the flow of the interview dictate the next questions to be asked.However, if the interviewer still wants the data to be standardized to a certain extent for easier analysis, he could conduct a semi-structured interview where he asks the same series of open-ended questions to all the respondents. But if they let the subject choose her answer from a set of options, what just took place is a closed, structured and fixed-response interview.(+) This allows the interv iewer to probe further, by asking follow-up questions and getting more information in the process.(+) The data will be highly personalized (particularly when using the informal approach).(-) This method is subject to certain limitations, such as language barriers, cultural differences, and geographical distances.(-) The person conducting the interview must have very good interviewing skills in order to elicit responses.Qualitative SurveysPaper surveys or questionnaires. Questionnaires often utilize a structure comprised of short questions and, in the case of qualitative questionnaires, they are usually open-ended, with the respondents asked to provide detailed answers, in their own words. It’s almost like answering essay questions.(+) Since questionnaires are designed to collect standardized data, they are ideal for use in large populations or sample sizes of respondents.(+) The high amount of detail provided will aid analysis of data.(-) On the other hand, the large number of res pondents (and data), combined with the high level and amount of detail provided in the answers, will make data analysis quite tedious and time-consuming.Web-based questionnaires. This is basically a web-based or internet-based survey, involving a questionnaire uploaded to a site, where the respondents will log into and accomplish electronically. Instead of a paper and a pen, they will be using a computer screen and the mouse.(+) Data collection is definitely quicker. This is often due to the questions being shorter, requiring less detail than in, say, a personal interview or a paper questionnaire.(+) It is also uncomplicated, since the respondents can be invited to answer the questionnaire by simply sending them an email containing the URL of the site where the online questionnaire is available for answering.(-) There is a limitation on the respondents, since the only ones to be able to answer are those who own a computer, have internet connection, and know their way around answerin g online surverys.(-) The lesser amount of detail provided means the researcher may end up with mostly surface data, and no depth or meaning, especially when the data is processed. Focus GroupsFocus groups method is basically an interview method, but done in a group discussion setting. When the object of the data is behaviors and attitudes, particularly in social situations, and resources for one-on-one interviews are limited, using the focus group approach is highly recommended. Ideally, the focus group should have at least 3 people and a moderator to around 10 to 13 people maximum, plus a moderator.Depending on the data being sought, the members of the group should have something in common. For example, a researcher conducting a study on the recovery of married mothers from alcoholism will choose women who are (1) married, (2) have kids, and (3) recovering alcoholics. Other parameters such as the age, employment status, and income bracketdo not have to be similar across the member s of the focus group.The topic that data will be collected about will be presented to the group, and the moderator will open the floor for a debate.(+) There may be a small group of respondents, but the setup or framework of data being delivered and shared makes it possible to come up with a wide variety of answers.(+)  The data collector may also get highly detailed and descriptive data by using a focus group.(-) Much of the success of the discussion within the focus group lies in the hands of the moderator. He must be highly capable and experienced in controlling these types of interactions.Documental RevisionThis method involves the use of previously existing and reliable documents and other sources of information as a source of data to be used in a new research or investigation. This is likened to how the data collector will go to a library and go over the books and other references for information relevant to what he is currently researching on.(+) The researcher will gain bett er understanding of the field or subject being looked into, thanks to the reliable and high quality documents used as data sources.(+) Taking a look into other documents or researches as a source will provide a glimpse of the subject being looked into from different perspectives or points of view, allowing comparisons and contrasts to be made.(-) Unfortunately, this relies heavily on the quality of the document that will be used, and the ability of the data collector to choose the right and reliable documents. If he chooses wrong, then the quality of the data he will collect later on will be compromised.ObservationIn this method, the researcher takes a participatory stance, immersing himself in the setting where his respondents are, and generally taking a look at everything, while taking down notes.Aside from note-taking, other documentation methods may be used, such as video and audio recording, photography, and the use of tangible items such as artifacts, mementoes, and other tool s.(+) The participatory nature may lead to the researcher getting more reliable information.(+) Data is more reliable and representative of what is actually happening, since they took place and were observed under normal circumstances.(-) The participation may end up influencing the opinions and attitudes of the researcher, so he will end up having difficulty being objective and impartial as soon as the data he is looking for comes in.(-) Validity may arise due to the risk that the researcher’s participation may have an impact on the naturalness of the setting. The observed may become reactive to the idea of being watched and observed. If he planned to observe recovering alcoholic mothers in their natural environment (e.g. at their homes with their kids), their presence may cause the subjects to react differently, knowing that they are being observed. This may lead to the results becoming impaired.Longitudinal studiesThis is a research or data collection method that is performed r epeatedly, on the same data sources, over an extended period of time. It is an observational research method that could even cover a span of years and, in some cases, even decades. The goal is to find correlations through an empirical or observational study of subjects with a common trait or characteristic.An example of this is the Terman Study of the Gifted conducted by Lewis Terman at Stanford University. The study aimed to gather data on the characteristics of gifted children â€" and how they grow and develop â€" over their lifetime. Terman started in 1921, and it extended over the lifespan of the subjects, more than 1,500 boys and girls aged 3 to 19 years old, and with IQs higher than 135. To this day, this study is the world’s “oldest and longest-running” longitudinal study.(+) This is ideal when seeking data meant to establish a variable’s pattern over a period of time, particularly over an extended period of time.(+) As a method to find correlations, it is effective i n finding connections and relationships of cause and effect.(-) The long period may become a setback, considering how the probability of the subjects at the beginning of the research will still be complete 10, 20, or 30 years down the road is very low.(-) Over the extended period, attitudes and opinions of the subjects are likely to change, which can lead to the dilution of data, reducing their reliability in the process.Case StudiesIn this qualitative method, data is gathered by taking a close look and an in-depth analysis of a “case study” or “case studies” â€" the unit or units of research that may be an individual, a group of individuals, or an entire organization. This methodology’s versatility is demonstrated in how it can be used to analyze both simple and complex subjects.However, the strength of a case study as a data collection method is attributed to how it utilizes other data collection methods, and captures more variables than when a single methodology is used . In analyzing the case study, the researcher may employ other methods such as interviewing, floating questionnaires, or conducting group discussions in order to gather data.(+) It is flexible and versatile, analyzing both simple and complex units and occurrence, even over a long period of time.(+) Case studies provide in-depth and detailed information, thanks to how it captures as many variables as it can.(-) Reliability of the data may be put at risk when the case study or studies chosen are not representative of the sample or population.II. Quantitative Data Collection MethodsData can be readily quantified and generated into numerical form, which will then be converted and processed into useful information mathematically. The result is often in the form of statistics that is meaningful and, therefore, useful. Unlike qualitative methods, these quantitative techniques usually make use of larger sample sizes because its measurable nature makes that possible and easier.Quantitative S urveysUnlike the open-ended questions asked in qualitative questionnaires, quantitative paper surveys pose closed questions, with the answer options provided. The respondents will only have to choose their answer among the choices provided on the questionnaire.(+) Similarly, these are ideal for use when surveying large numbers of respondents.(+) The standardized nature of questionnaires enable researchers to make generalizations out of the results.(-) This can be very limiting to the respondents, since it is possible that his actual answer to the question may not be in the list of options provided on the questionnaire.(-) While data analysis is still possible, it will be restricted by the lack of details.InterviewsPersonal one-on-one interviews may also be used for gathering quantitative data. In collecting quantitative data, the interview is more structured than when gathering qualitative data, comprised of a prepared set of standard questions.These interviews can take the followin g forms:Face-to-face interviews: Much like when conducting interviews to gather qualitative data, this can also yield quantitative data when standard questions are asked.(+) The face-to-face setup allows the researcher to make clarifications on any answer given by the interviewee.(-) This can be quite a challenge when dealing with a large sample size or group of interviewees. If the plan is to interview everyone, it is bound to take a lot of time, not to mention a significant amount of money.Telephone and/or online, web-based interviews. Conducting interviews over the telephone is no longer a new concept. Rapidly rising to take the place of telephone interviews is the video interview via internet connection and web-based applications, such as Skype.(+) The net for data collection may be cast wider, since there is no need to travel through distances to get the data. All it takes is to pick up the phone and dial a number, or connect to the internet and log on to Skype for a video call or video conference.(-) Quality of the data may be questionable, especially in terms of impartiality. The net may be cast wide, but it will only be targeting a specific group of subjects: those with telephones and internet connections and are knowledgeable about using such technologies.Computer-assisted interviews. This is called CAPI, or Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing where, in a face-to-face interview, the data obtained from the interviewee will be entered directly into a database through the use of a computer.(+) The direct input of data saves a lot of time and other resources in converting them into information later on, because the processing will take place immediately after the data has been obtained from the source and entered into the database.(-) The use of computers, databases and related devices and technologies does not come cheap. It also requires a certain degree of being tech-savvy on the part of the data gatherer. Quantitative ObservationThis is straightfo rward enough. Data may be collected through systematic observation by, say, counting the number of users present and currently accessing services in a specific area, or the number of services being used within a designated vicinity.When quantitative data is being sought, the approach is naturalistic observation, which mostly involves using the senses and keen observation skills to get data about the “what”, and not really about the “why” and “how”.(+) It is a quite simple way of collecting data, and not as expensive as the other methods.(-) The problem is that senses are not infallible. Unwittingly, the observer may have an unconscious grasp on his senses, and how they perceive situations and people around. Bias on the part of the observer is very possible.ExperimentsHave you ever wondered where clinical trials fall? They are considered to be a form of experiment, and are quantitative in nature. These methods involve manipulation of an independent variable, while maintai ning varying degrees of control over other variables, most likely the dependent ones. Usually, this is employed to obtain data that will be used later on for analysis of relationships and correlations.Quantitative researches often make use of experiments to gather data, and the types of experiments are:Laboratory experiments. This is your typical scientific experiment setup, taking place within a confined, closed and controlled environment (the laboratory), with the data collector being able to have strict control over all the variables. This level of control also implies that he can fully and deliberately manipulate the independent variable.Field experiments. This takes place in a natural environment, “on field” where, although the data collector may not be in full control of the variables, he is still able to do so up to a certain extent. Manipulation is still possible, although not as deliberate as in a laboratory setting.Natural experiments. This time, the data collector has no control over the independent variable whatsoever, which means it cannot be manipulated. Therefore, what can only be done is to gather data by letting the independent variable occur naturally, and observe its effects.You can probably name several other data collection methods, but the ones discussed are the most commonly used approaches. At the end of the day, the choice of a collection method is only 50% of the whole process. The correct usage of these methods will also have a bearing on the quality and integrity of the data being sought.

Discipline And Punish The Birth Of The Prison - 1345 Words

Michel Foucault- Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison Michel Foucault is a very famous French intellectual who practiced the knowledge of sociology. Foucault analyzed how knowledge related to social structures, in particular the concept of punishment within the penal system. His theory through, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, is a detailed outline of the disciplinary society; in which organizes populations, their relations to power formations, and the corresponding conceptions of the subjects themselves. Previously, this type of punishment focused on torture and dismemberment, in which was applied directly to bodies. Foucault mentions through his literary piece, â€Å"the soul is the effect and instrument of a political anatomy: the soul is the prison of the body (p.30). However, today, the notion of punishment involves public appearances in a court and much more humane sentences. However, it is important to note and to understand the idea of power and knowledge; it is fundamental to understand the social system as a w hole. Foucault, addresses in the first part of his work, the power of the sovereign. He guides the readers through the historical period of the power of the monarch and Feudal system and transforms them into the 18th and 19th century. He put particular emphasis on the spectacle of the tortured individual. â€Å"Among so many changes, I shall consider one: the disappearance of torture as a public spectacle (p.7).† The spectacle functioned forShow MoreRelatedDiscipline And Punish : The Birth Of The Prison1105 Words   |  5 PagesFrench scholar Michel Foucault, in chapter 20 of Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, titled ‘Panopticism’ discusses his position on the panopticon ability to be a form of surveillance. The following piece will summarize chapter 20 of Foucault’s work, and discuss the creation of panopticism as a figure of societies transition into disciplinary forms of surveillance. Additionally, providing contemporary examples with the creatio n of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV), and employ monitoringRead MoreEssay on Foucaults Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison2301 Words   |  10 Pagesdisciplinary society can be used to understand the body in the society, I would like to begin this essay by returning to Foucault’s book – Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison. This book deals with the disciplinary institutions and practices that emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. While discipline and punish is concerned with the birth of the prison in modern Europe, it has far wider implications for the everyday lives of ordinary citizens. Notions such as micro-power, disciplinaryRead MoreMichael Foucault s Discipline And Punish : The Birth Of The Prison Essay2061 Words   |  9 PagesMichael Foucault’s chapter Panopticism from his book Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, analyzes how power has advanced through the use of surveillance. The chapter explores how surveillance first evolved when the King was the overall dictator and enforcer. The King held all the power; he decided which rules must be followed and the consequences or punishments that were applicable when these rules were disregarded. The idea of observation and surveillance first evolved when the plagueRead MoreFoucault and Punishment Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pageschanged to a more psychological approach compared to a public embarrassment/torture approach. The following paragraphs will discuss the development of prisons and what in fact gives people gives people the right to punish; as well as the overall meaning and function of prisons. The work by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison will help with the arguments at hand. The first thing to be looked at is the change from a medieval concept of punishment to a more modern conceptRead MoreBiographical Paper Of Michel Foucault1272 Words   |  6 Pagesd’information sur les prisons He wrote â€Å" Introduction† to Dream and Existence by Ludwig Binswanger who was a Heideggerian psychiatrist and wrote â€Å"Malasle mentale et personalite† which was a short book on mental illness. He supported structuralist and poststructuralist movements and also protested on behalf of homosexuals. Some of the things he studied and wrote books for was Discipline and Punishment, The History of Sexuality, Madness and Civilization, The Order of Things, The Archaeology, The Birth of The ClinicRead MoreSystem And Oppression Of The Panopticon1631 Words   |  7 Pageslugubrious atmosphere of a prison or a mad-house’ where the clowns demonstrate a ‘willed and terrible of a prison of being’ (pt. III, CH. 4, P. 116), the text gives a chanc e to two of the most influential studies of Foucault such as Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (1975) and Madness and Civilisation: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (1965). The shape of panopticon comes from the British philosopher Jeremy Bentham’s (1748-1832) design for a prison. Carter used the same structureRead MoreThe Digital Panopticon: Foucault and Internet Privacy Essay example1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe Digital Panopticon: Foucault and Internet Privacy In 1977, Michel Foucault wrote in Discipline and Punish about the disciplinary mechanisms of constant and invisible surveillance in part through an analysis of Jeremy Benthams panopticon. The panopticon was envisioned as a circular prison, in the centre of which resided a guard tower. Along the circumference, individuals resided in cells that were visible to the guard tower but invisible to each other. Importantly, this guard tower was backlitRead MoreThe Weight Of Social Awareness1025 Words   |  5 Pagespeople who commit serious crimes. Their focus has always been to punish these individuals beyond the deprivation of their freedom and not much effort is put into treating these individuals and preparing them to get back into their community. Punishment is viewed as a way of discouraging other members of the community from committing crimes and reducing recidivism. Society often refers to prisoners as separate from their communities. Prisons serve as a physical remainder of this distinction and to reinforceRead MoreFoucault’s Panopticism and Its Application Within Modern Education Systems1697 Words   |  7 PagesBentham’s Panopticon and developed by Michel Foucault describes a disciplinary mechanism used in various aspects of society. Foucault’s Discipline and Punish discusses the development of discipline in Western society, looks in particularly at Bentha m’s Panopticon and how it is a working example of how the theory is employed effectively. Foucault explains, in Discipline and Punish that ‘this book is intended as a correlative history of the modern soul and of a new power to judge’ (Foucault, 1977) and opensRead MoreMichael Foucaults Panopticism879 Words   |  4 PagesSociety: Comparison to the Panopticon According to Wikepedia, a panopticon is a type of prison where the observer is able to watch the prisoners without the prisoner knowing when they are being watched. The concept of the design is to allow an observer to observe (-opticon) all (pan-) prisoners thereby conveying what one architect has called the sentiment of an invisible omnisciece. The panopticon was invented by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham in 1785. Bentham himself described the Panopticon

Essay on Love in Albert Camus´ The Stranger - 556 Words

Many can agree that love may blind, and befuddle the mind, a sense of insecurity might also be a symptom of love. Albert Camus’ The Stranger introduces a character that embodies strength, desire and confidence. Marie Cardona is a woman of simple needs, and is extremely driven to get them. Though she is sometimes oversimplified by Meursault, she never fails to leave his side, no matter their circumstance. Love is expressed differently by all, some like Salamono may tuck it away, only to release it when the lover has left forever. Others , like Marie, choose to boast it to the world without hesitation. This quality is her confidence is herself shining through. She never fails to attest to what she wants â€Å"Then she said she wondered if she†¦show more content†¦She does not merely decide that this relationship is ultimately going nowhere and drops everyhthing, no, Marie is brave enough to not let go of this man who brings such glee into her life. For she is not the s ort of woman who would throw away a relationship that may end in a long happy life just because Meursault did not say three simple words to her. Yet she still has the fearlessness to ask for a marriage with Meursault, who had recently denied her of his love. None of this deters Marie, for she is strong and satisfied with where she is in her relatiioinship even though she gets nothing emotionally from Meursault. Marie learns just how to be with Meursault, she builds herself up and one day decides that she will not allow Meursault’s little emotional displays stop her from spending the rest of her life with him. Another thing that makes Marie stick out, is that she was the one who ‘proposed’ to him. Sure, there was never any formal proposal, no dropping to one knee or hiding the ring in some angle foodcake, but she was the first to even remotely mention marriage in the relationship. Set in the early 1940’s, the time proves that the woman was still the less superior in any relationship. Never was it socially acceptable to be this forward in a relationship, never could the woman bring upShow MoreRelatedThe Topic of Defiance of Societal Rules in The Stranger Through Absurdism1018 Words   |  5 Pagesdeliberately, b ut rather because one’s own beliefs dont parallel. In the novel The Stranger by Albert Camus there is a prevalence of characters breaking societal rules, but as a result these characters face the consequences. Albert Camus connects these actions to the overarching themes of the books in order to convey his message more effectively. To what extent does the topic of defiance of societal rules in The Stranger convey the theme of Absurdism in the novel? The sub-themes of femininity, individualityRead MorePhilisophical Background of The Stranger Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesCamus’ The Stranger Its Philosophical Background Albert Camus’ novel, The Stranger, appealed to a younger European generation that was trying to find its view of life after the tragedies of WWII and Nazism. Though he eventually came to more mature notions of how a human being should act before his tragic death from a accident in 1960, Camus always believed in the ideas expressed in The Stranger that man must find his own meaning in life, separate from religious or political doctrine. WhileRead MoreLiterary Analysis: The Stranger and The House of the Spirits1165 Words   |  5 PagesThe novels The Stranger and The House of the Spirits have distinctly different plots. The authors of the books have different styles and techniques used to create their vision of a great story. In The Stranger by Albert Camus and The House of the Spirits by Isabel Allende, the characters, Meursault and Esteban Garcia are established as socially distant from their associates. They have neither emotion nor remorse for anything they have done. Thes e characters are only connected to each other throughRead MoreAnalysis Of Meursault A Stranger To Society1026 Words   |  5 Pagesrealizes how meaningless and pointless life is and accepts his fate- wishing only that the crowds would scream their hate for him on the day of his execution. Albert Camus accurately depicts Meursault as a stranger to society, to himself, and to human emotions in general, while arguing for the philosophy of absurdism. Meursault is a stranger to human emotions. In Part I, preceding Maman’s funeral, Meursault sits by the window in his apartment. He makes observations of the happenings on the streetRead MoreEssay on The Caracter of Meursault in The Stranger (The Outsider)1136 Words   |  5 PagesThe Caracter of Meursault in The Stranger      Ã‚   Albert Camus The Stranger is a startling novel at worst and a haunting classic at best. Camus presents a thrilling story of a man devoid of emotion, even regarding the most sensitive, personal matters. The main character, Meursault shows no feelings after the death of his mother, during his romantic relationship with Marie, or during his trial for the murder of an Arab. Meursault never shows feelings of love, regret, remorse, or sadness. ItRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus1411 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel The Stranger, written by Albert Camus, encompasses contemporary philosophies of existentialism and absurdism. Existentialist and absurdist philosophies entail principles regarding that one’s identity is not based on nature or culture, but rather by sole existence. The role of minor characters in The Stranger helps to present Camus’s purpose to convey absurdist and existentialist principles. The characters of Salamano and Marie are utilized in orde r to contrast the author’s ideas about contemporaryRead More Albert The Absurd Camus Essay1071 Words   |  5 PagesAlbert The Absurd Camus â€Å"Albert Camus is one of the most likeable and approachable of the mid-twentieth-century French authors† (Brosman 10).This is quite a compliment for Camus, but most would agree. In France, Albert is known for his many books, two which have made the French best-sellers list. His works are often read and studied in French secondary-school class rooms, introducing a countless number of students to his pieces each year. Camus also holds the high honor of receiving the NobelRead MoreLiterary Analysis: How Meursault Is Indifferent in the Stranger, by Albert Camus874 Words   |  4 PagesLiterary analysis: How Meursault is indifferent in The Stranger, by Albert Camus Although Meursault is the title character and narrator of Albert Camus’ short novel The Stranger, he is also a somewhat flat character. His apparent indifferent demeanor may be a convenience to Camus, who mainly wanted to display his ideas of absurdism. And as a flat character, Meursault is not fully delineated: he lacks deep thought and significant change. His purpose is that of a first-person narrator whose actionsRead MoreAbsurdity And Society1484 Words   |  6 Pagessociety in the world have a religion of some sort in order to create contentment and to disguise what Camus believes the world to be, an abyss of meaninglessness. Therefore, it is significant to consider: without religion, if life was truly meaningless, would it still be important to perform â€Å"good deeds.† It is also noteworthy for people to consider, if life has no meaning, is it still important to love, marry, look for adventure or opportunity? Camus’s perception of absurdity can raise man y questionsRead MoreThe Stranger by Albert Camus1115 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, The Stranger, by Albert Camus, the pointlessness of life and existence is exposed through the illustration of Camus’s absurdist world view. The novel tells the story of an emotionally detached, amoral young man named Meursault. Meursault shows us how important it is to start thinking and analyzing the events that happen in our lives. He does this by developing the theme of conflicts within society. Albert Camus’s novel The Stranger portrays Meursault, the main character, as a static

Intellectual Property Essay Free Essays

1) Compare and contrast the differing protection offered by the law of patents and the law of copyright. In your opinion, are these differences accidental or do they have a sound commercial or legal basis ? Intellectual property rights are exclusive rights for their owners. Third parties are then generally prohibited from the use or exploitation of what is excluded by these rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Intellectual Property Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is to be clarified that it is intended to focus solely on copyrights and patents. Trademark, confidentiality and designs, the other main types of intellectual property are beyond the scope of this essay. There is one simple way to comprehend the two concepts of patents and copyrights. On the one hand patent are rights over an invention. An invention is the result of reasoning. It is the production of some new or improved process or products that are both not obvious for a person skilled in the field and useful. On the other hand, copyrights are rights that protect art in general, art being any products of human’s creative activities provided that more than trivial work has been done. The patent law can be seen as a monopoly created by parliament. In the year 1623 the Statute of Monopolies declared that all monopolies are void and of no effect. But an exception was made for the future grand of patent for the term of fourteen years to the first inventor provided it was not contrary to reason of raising price or restrictive of trade. Nowadays, it is basically the same principles that are applied. The copyright law can be seen as a way to restraint trade granted by Parliament. In 1709, the Copyright Act gave an author the exclusive right of printing his work for fourteen years. If the law has extended, the same concepts are still applied. The first point is the difference between what is ruled by patent and copyright. Patent law is protecting inventions. Patent Act 1977 defined an invention as something new thus which does not form part of the state of the art (s. 2(1))1. The state of the art being what was made available to the public in any way before the priority date of the patent (s. 2(2))2, this date correspond to the date of filling on which certain formalities are satisfied. The question to be asked in order to know if it was part of the art is not whether an information has actually been accessed but whether information could have been accessed prior the filling date. An old illustration of this would be the case of Lang v Gisborne3. In relation to a book, the question was whether the information was available and not whether the book had actually been sold. Thus we need to define what is construed as available to the public. In the Windsurfer4 case, a 12 year old boy, who built a sailboard and used it in public during his holidays, had been enough to make this invention available to the public. Moreover, in assessing if a disclosure of information is enough; it will be considered whether the person skilled in the art will be able to carry out trial and experiments to get to the invention (Synthon5). The last main hurdle for the obtention of a patent will be the requirement of inventiveness. An inventive step is one that is not obvious to a person skilled in the art (s. 3)6 and whether there is an inventive step or not has to be decided without hindsight (Haberman v Jackel7). A person 1 Patents Act 1977 s. 2(1) Patents Act 1977 s. 2(2) 3 Lang v Gisborne, 31 LJ. Ch 769 (1862) 4 Windsurfer International v Tabur Marine [1985] RPC 59, CA 5 Synthon v Smithkline Beecham [2005] UKHL 59, [2006] RPC 10 6 Patents Act 1977 s. 7 Haberman v Jackel International Ltd (1999) The times 21 January 1999 2 1 skilled in the art has been described as a graduate or engineer in the field concerned with a few years of experience (Dyson v Hoover8) , it was also held that it should be a â€Å"composite entity†, in other words a team of graduate and engineer (General Tire Rubber Co v Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd9). Furthermore, an invention needs to be capable of industrial application which is rarely an issue. It will be analysed as such if it can be produced or used in any kind of industry, including agriculture (s. )10. Finally, an invention is patentable if not belonging to one of the excluded matter. A discovery, scientific theory, mathematical method, a scheme, rule or method of performing a mental act and playing a game or doing business are excluded (s. 1(2))11. Some others interesting exclusions exist, such as a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or any other aesthetic creation, a program for a computer and the presentation of information. These exclusions are interesting because they form part of what is subject to copyright, so what is protected by copyright. Indeed, copyright subsist in original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, sound recordings, films or broadcasting and typographical arrangement of published edition (s. 1)12. As with patent, a copyright need to fulfil certain criteria in order to be granted. There is a requirement of originality that applies to literary, musical, dramatic and artistic works but not to sound recording, films or broadcast. In the case of Univeristy of London Press13, it was established that the work must not be copied from another work but should originate from the author otherwise it will infringe. If the author has spent sufficient degree of skill, labour and judgement to establish originality then his work would be able to be protected by copyright. But often there is no requirement as to that quality. Thus, there is no requirement that a work should actually have literary value (Univeristy of London Press)14, it must be more than de minimis so that single words will not be protected by copyright (Exxon Corp)15. On the same line, there is no requirement of quality or merit of music as long as the sounds are not too simple and trivial. Furthermore, artistic works need not to present any merit (Vermaat and Powell v Boncrest)16. Finally, the protection offered by copyright only protects works that have been expressed in tangible format. In order to have ownership in the copyright, it is important to be able to prove authorship, often by producing the original creation of the work. If the process to get a copyright seems to be a simple and short process the process to obtain a patent is long and complicated. A formal registration is needed, has to be done within the UK Patent Office. One could say that is to allow authors which do not belong to a large company to be protected easily with copyright as soon as they make their original work in a Haberman v Jackel International Ltd [1999] FSR 683 Dyson Appliances v Hoover [1997] RPC 1, CA 9 General Tire Rubber Co v Firestone Tyre Rubber Co [1972] RPC 457 10 Patents Act 1977 s. 4 11 Patents Act 1977 s. 1(2) 12 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 1 13 University of London Press Ltd v. University Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) 2 Ch. 601 14 University of London Press Ltd v. University Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) 2 Ch. 601 15 Exxon Corp v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 241 16 Vermaat and Powell v Boncrest Ltd (No. 2) [2002] FSR 21 8 2 angible format. It is why copyright is an accepted theory and seen as a limited monopoly17. Such monopoly is necessary to promote â€Å"the three level of competition in modern business, which are production consumption and innovation’’18. On the contrary patent protects large companies’ invention. It is fair to require more formalities from them to obtain a protection as they are able to call la rge resources and facilities. Many steps have to be followed but only a brief explanation will be given as it is a complex area. The most important thing is the specification that has to be made (s. 4(2))19. The specification need to be very precise. It shall describe the invention in a clear and completed way so that the invention can be performed by a person skilled in the art (s. 14(3))20. Therefore the specification should explain what has been created, the problems that the invention solves, how the invention differs from what has been created before. It has been explained previously how the patent and copyright cover different subject, so that, for example, music is protected by copyright and the Dyson mechanism of vacuum cleaner is protected by patent. If they cover different area, they also provide protection in rather different manners. In the patent law, there are two main infringements, infringement of a process, infringement of a product by process patents and infringement of a product. There is an infringement by a party when a party use a process and when the party must have known or it must have been obvious in the circumstance that the use of the process would infringe the patent (s. 60(1)(b))21. For product patents, the intention is irrelevant (Procter v. Bennis)22. Only the patentee has the right to dispose of the product, which is interpreted mainly as the right to sell the product (s. 60(1)(a))23. Note that it does not exclude the right to sell the product at a later date, this is the doctrine of exhaustion. In the same way, he is the only one who can import the product. An infringement will be constituted if someone imports a product when in trade. The right to keep the product for disposal or otherwise is also an exclusive right of the patentee. Lastly, the most important is the right to make the product. It has been held, that modifications or repairs of a patented product could be infringement as well (United Wire)24. It is possible to compare the interpretation in United Wire to the owner’s rights of a copyright over adaptations of the original work. The copyright owner of a musical, dramatic or literary work is the only one to have the right to make an adaptation of the work (s. 16(1))25. An adaptation will be interpreted as such only if it relates to a substantial part of the copyright work (Sillitoe)26. The rights over the adaptation are the same as the one over the original work. The question is what these rights are over the original work. First, copying the work is an infringement. An exact copy of the work is forbidden. If not completely identical, a two part test has been established (Francis Day and Hunter)27. Firstly a degree of similarity is required between the two works. A substantial part must have been copied, in order to establish it, a qualitative test and not a quantitative test has to be applied (Ladborke v William 17 The institutionalist theory of law, Neil MacCormick. Copyright law, Monopoly or Monstrosity, by Alan Beckley. (Butterworth and Co 1996) 19 Patents Act 1977 s. 4(2) 20 Patents Act 1977 s. 14(3) 21 Patents Act 1977 s. 60(1)(b) 22 Procter v. Bennis et al. (1887), 4 R. P. C. 333 23 Patents Act 1977 s. 60(1)(a) 24 United Wire v Screen Repair Services (Scotland) [2000] 4 All ER 353, HL 25 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 16(1) 26 Sillitoe v McGraw Hill Book Co. (UK) Ltd. [1983] FSR 545 27 Francis Day Hunter Ltd v Bron [1963] Ch 587 (UK CofA) RR 207 18 3 Hill)28. Secondly, the infringing work must have some casual connection with the original work, which means that the infringing work must have some origin in the plaintiff’s work. There are other main forbidden acts, such as issuing copies of the work to the public, performing, showing or playing the work in public, to broadcast the work or include it in a cable program service. It is also forbidden to authorise another to do a restricted act (s16(2))29. As seen previously, there is a wide protection for owners of copyright and patent, but in order to achieve a balance between owners and the public, some defence have been created in both patent and copyright law. In copyright law, there is a defence of fair dealing which allows research and private study only if is not undertaken for commercial purposes (s. 78)30 and only if it is for the person’s own use (Sillitoe)31. Moreover, multiple copies will infringe, thus only singles copies are allowed (s29(3))32. The defence of fair dealing allows criticism or review provided sufficient acknowledgment is present which is obtained by identifying the work by its title or any description and by identifying the a uthor of the original work. Similar defence exists in patent law and provide protection for acts done in private and for non commercial purposes (s. 60(5)(a))33. There is also a defence for acts done in an experimental way and which relate to the matter of the invention (s. 60(5)(b))34. One of the main differences between patent and copyright is the length of protection they offer. A patent is granted for 20 years from the filing date. In literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works copyright protect the work during the author’s life plus 70 years from the date the author dies. Why a difference in length between copyright and patent? As said previously, an author is protected by copyright all is lifetime because he is considered to be a weaker party. The 20 years protection offered with patent has been justified because of the time needed in testing of pharmaceutical and similar products for health and safety reason. In the point of view of a customer and the public copyright could be seen as a restriction on trade and patent as a monopoly for 20 years. It is common legal principle to say that restriction and monopoly are only justified to the extent that they are necessary to the public benefit. Lord Sydney Templeman said â€Å"patent and copyright are necessary to ensure that an inventor continues to invent and that an author continue to publish†35. 8 Ladbroke (Football) Ltd. v. William Hill (Football) Ltd. [1964] 1 W. L. R. 273 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 16(2) 30 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 178 31 Sillitoe v McGraw Hill Book Co. (UK) Ltd. [1983] FSR 545 32 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 29(3) 33 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 s. 60(5)(a) 34 Copyright, Designs and Paten ts Act 1988 s. 60(5)(b) 35 Lord Sydney Templeman, Abstract Prior to his appointment to the UK House of Lords as a Law Lord. Oxford University Press 1998 29 4 Case List Dyson Appliances v Hoover [1997] RPC 1, CA Exxon Corp v Exxon Insurance Consultants International Ltd [1981] 3 All ER 241 Francis Day Hunter Ltd v Bron [1963] Ch 587 (UK CofA) RR 207 General Tire Rubber Co v Firestone Tyre Rubber Co [1972] RPC 457 Haberman v Jackel International Ltd (1999) The times 21 January 1999 Haberman v Jackel International Ltd [1999] FSR 683 Lang v Gisborne, 31 LJ. Ch 769 (1862) Ladbroke (Football) Ltd. v. William Hill (Football) Ltd. [1964] 1 W. L. R. 273 Sillitoe v McGraw Hill Book Co. (UK) Ltd. 1983] FSR 545 Synthon v Smithkline Beecham [2005] UKHL 59, [2006] RPC 10 United Wire v Screen Repair Services (Scotland) [2000] 4 All ER 353, HL University of London Press Ltd v. University Tutorial Press Ltd (1916) 2 Ch. 601 Vermaat and Powell v Boncrest Ltd (No. 2) [2002] FSR 21 Windsurfer International v Tabur Marine [1985] RPC 59, CA Bibliography Holyoak Torremans, Intellectual Property Law (5th ed. 2008) Oxford Colston Galloway, Modern Intellectua l Property Law (3rd ed. 2010) Routledge Bainbridge, Intellectual Property (8th ed. 2010) Pearson Lexis Nexis Westlaw 5 How to cite Intellectual Property Essay, Essays

Jaws †the shark cage scene

STORY: Three men alone on a sinking boat in the middle of the ocean attempt to neutralize the monster shark that has been terrorizing them for hours by using a submersible cage. Their goal is to get close enough to inject the shark with poison. The failure of their plan and its disastrous consequences underscore the characters’ woeful underestimation of the intelligence and aggression of the shark.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jaws – the shark cage scene specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The scene begins with the Quint character assessing the damage to his boat. The camera lingers on the water slowly filling the hold. Quint steps down into the hold and the water immediately covers his foot. Splashing sound effects accompany each step. No words are spoken, and Quint is alone in the shot; however his performance, particularly the fear in his facial expression, the watery sound effects, and ominous m usic tell the viewer that he is scared, and that the situation is dire. The boat is sinking, and they need a plan fast. The scene then shifts to the outside of the boat, where Quint joins the other two characters, Chief Brody and Matt Hooper. Quint’s action, significantly, is to throw each of them a lifejacket. Brody and Hooper react grimly. The three men share a brief, tense moment of silence, each reflecting presumably on how screwed they are, before Quint picks up a spear gun and asks, â€Å"Hooper? What exactly can you do with these things of yours?† â€Å"Well, I think I can pump 20 ccs of strychnine nitrate into him,† Hooper replies, â€Å"If I can get close enough.† Hooper then approaches the shark cage. Brody angrily rejects Hooper’s idea: ‘That shark’ll rip that cage to pieces!† Whereupon Hooper shouts, â€Å"You got any better suggestions?† The camera lingers a moment of Hooper’s face (Jaws). The scene the n jumps to Brody, assembling the cage with the other two characters. The most significant storytelling element here remains the shift in tone created by music. Hitherto in the film most of the music has been heavy and foreboding. Now, the music shifts to a lively, rousing, and hopeful tone that underscores the building of the cage. The music solidifies the storytelling idea that if only the men can transcend their differences and work together, they can solve the dilemma of the shark. The filmmakers spend significant screen time on Hooper as he fills a giant syringe with poison, and attaches it to the spear gun.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once Hooper steps in to the cage, the music immediately shifts dramatically, back to the dark, threatening tone we’ve grown accustomed to in the film. Simultaneously, Hooper fidgets nervously in the cage, and remarks to Brody,  "I got no spit.† His saliva has dried up, along with his resolve. â€Å"Try and keep him off of me until I’m lowered,† Hooper says. He and Brody share a long sad look, each understanding the danger this plan represents (Jaws). The camera then slips underwater. The camera angle here bears scrutiny. Previously, the camera was above Hooper, looking down, consistent with Brody and Quint’s point of views. Now, it is underneath him. We have switched to the point of view of the shark. Underwater, both sound and music are used to great effect to create suspense. Upon Hooper’s initial descent, we hear the underwater echo, the metallic clanging of the cage, muffled by the water, and the bubbling of Hooper’s air tank. At this juncture, there is no music. The camera’s point of view shifts to that of Hooper, staring out into the murky ocean through the bars of the cage, and he sees the shark, a ghostly flicker, far away, but approaching fast. The f amous Jaws theme begins at the same time. Together these two elements create terror. Hooper is in for it. Above the water, Quint and Brody see the flotation devices that they previously fired into the shark rush through the water. Below, the shark glides past Hooper in the cage, and dwarfs both. Hooper readies his spear gun. However, the shark is not close enough yet. The shark then vanishes into the depths with a quiet swish of its tail. The music fades instantly. We are left watching Hooper, who grips his spear gun, and waits. A very long screen moment transpires here. We wait, with Hooper. Periodically, the camera shifts back out to the water. But there is no sign of the shark. Also, the sound effects are muted, and for the most part, only silence reigns. Over 20 seconds pass, in relative quiet, and the sole action here happens when Hooper removes the spear gun cap. The shark charges the cage from behind with the full force of its weight, and knocks the spear gun out of Hooperâ⠂¬â„¢s hands. This event represents the most vital storytelling element. We see, through the action of the shark, its predatory instinct in play. It has disarmed its enemy, Hooper, who can only watch helplessly as the spear gun drifts down toward the bottom of the ocean.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Jaws – the shark cage scene specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The shark immediately moves in and rams the cage. Hooper screams underwater. The camera pulls in tight on his terror-stricken face. The monster shark rams the cage over and over, warping the cage bars. Hooper has nowhere to go and no means to defend himself. The camera movement and editing cuts are extraordinarily swift, and the music pulses with fear. The filmmakers employ multiple close ups of the shark’s massive teeth. Finally, the shark pushes its nose into the cage, and Hooper stabs it several times with his diving knife. As the shark retreats, Hooper scoots out of the demolished cage and flees for his life, straight down to the bottom of the ocean. Meanwhile, in the boat, Brody and Quint struggle to pull the cage away from the shark. Intercut with this tug of war are flashes inside the boat, where the water level has risen, reminding us of their plan’s failure. The boat is still sinking. Finally, the winch snaps, and Quint and Brody bring the cage up by hand. The filmmakers linger here, on Brody and Quint and their reaction to the cage, now a twisted wreck, devoid of Hooper. Nothing is said. Their facial expressions read devastation. The shark is still in charge of their fate. The scene ends with the famous moment when the shark flips itself onto the back of the boat, which sets up the major turning point that results in Quint’s death, leaving Brody alone to fend for himself in the foundering boat. Works Cited Jaws. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Perf. Roy Schieder, Robert Shaw, and Richard Dreyfuss. Unive rsal, 1975. This essay on Jaws – the shark cage scene was written and submitted by user Shmi Skywalker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.